Strong's g840

Pronunciation Guide: ow-stay-ROS

Basic Definition

Strong’s G840: αὐστηρός (austeros) describes someone or something that is severe, harsh, strict, or austere. It conveys the quality of being rigorous, stringent, or exacting in judgment, discipline, or character. In biblical contexts, the term often reflects an uncompromising or demanding nature that evokes feelings of intimidation or fear in others.

Etymology and Morphology

• Part of Speech: Adjective
• Origin: From a root meaning “to dry” or “to parch”
• Primary Usage: Descriptive attribute in narrative and parabolic teaching
• Appears in Lukan parables and teaching sections
• Related to Latin “austerus” and English “austere”

αὐστηρός Morphology:

• αὐστηρός (nominative masculine singular) – austere/severe man
• αὐστηροῦ (genitive masculine singular) – of an austere/severe man
• αὐστηρῷ (dative masculine singular) – to/with an austere/severe man
• αὐστηρόν (accusative masculine singular) – an austere/severe man
• αὐστηρά (nominative feminine singular) – austere/severe woman

Origin & History

The term αὐστηρός derives from the ancient Greek verb αὔω meaning “to dry” or “to parch,” referring to the sensation of dryness, particularly in the mouth when tasting certain astringent substances like unripe fruit or strong wine. In classical Greek literature, it was used to describe wines that were harsh or bitter to taste. Xenophon in his “Symposium” uses the term to describe a wine that lacks sweetness and has a biting quality.

In the Septuagint (LXX), this word appears rarely but carries similar connotations of severity or harshness. Its transition from a sensory description to a characterological one reflects how physical experiences often inform moral and personal attributes in ancient language development. By the Hellenistic period, the term had firmly established its metaphorical sense of describing a person with a stern, unbending, or demanding character.

Expanded Definitions & Translation Options

• A severe or strict person who demands exacting standards
• Harshness or rigor in judgment or discipline
• An uncompromising or inflexible attitude toward rules or regulations
• Austerity or plainness, lacking adornment or comfort

αὐστηρός Translation Options:

• Severe – Captures the intensity and strictness of the term, particularly appropriate when describing a person’s temperament or approach to others
• Harsh – Emphasizes the potentially unpleasant effect of αὐστηρός on those who experience it
• Austere – Highlights both the moral strictness and the “bare-bones” simplicity often associated with the term
• Strict – Focuses on the rigorous adherence to standards implied by αὐστηρός
• Stern – Reflects the serious, unyielding facial expression or demeanor often associated with an αὐστηρός person

Biblical Usage

In the New Testament, αὐστηρός appears only in Luke 19:21-22, within the Parable of the Minas (or Talents). This limited usage makes each occurrence particularly significant for understanding its biblical connotations. In this parable, a servant describes his master as αὐστηρός to justify his failure to invest the master’s money, claiming fear of the master’s severity drove him to simply preserve rather than risk the resource entrusted to him.

The context suggests that αὐστηρός here characterizes someone who maintains high expectations, demands results, and holds others accountable—traits that evoked fear in the unfaithful servant. Importantly, the master neither denies nor apologizes for this characterization, but rather uses it to highlight how the servant’s own understanding should have motivated different actions.

• “I was afraid of you, because you are an austere [αὐστηρός] man. You take up what you did not lay down, and reap what you did not sow.” Luke 19:21
• “He said to him, ‘Out of your own mouth I will judge you, you wicked servant. You knew that I was an austere [αὐστηρός] man, taking up what I did not lay down and reaping what I did not sow.” Luke 19:22

Cultural Insights

In the ancient Mediterranean world, αὐστηρός would have carried significant cultural resonance, particularly in the context of master-servant relationships. Roman and Hellenistic households operated under clearly defined hierarchies where masters were expected to maintain discipline and order. An αὐστηρός master was not necessarily viewed negatively in ancient society—rather, such strictness was often respected as necessary for maintaining proper household management (οἰκονομία, oikonomia).

The Jewish audience of Luke’s Gospel would have connected this concept with the tradition of God as the ultimate just and exacting Master, as reflected in passages like Malachi 3:5 where יהוה (Yahweh) is portrayed as a swift witness against wrongdoers. This cultural background illuminates why the servant’s excuse is particularly hollow—recognizing the master as αὐστηρός should have motivated greater diligence, not less.

Theological Significance

The use of αὐστηρός in the Parable of the Minas offers profound theological insights about God’s character and human responsibility. While modern readers might initially sympathize with the servant who feared his “austere” master, the parable challenges this perspective by showing that God’s exacting standards flow from His perfect righteousness and expectation that His gifts be used productively.

This term helps us understand the biblical balance between God’s mercy and His justice. The master in the parable, representing God, is indeed αὐστηρός—holding high standards and expecting faithful stewardship of entrusted resources. Yet this severity is not capricious or unfair; it is rooted in the master’s legitimate authority and reasonable expectations. The theological implication is significant: God’s αὐστηρός nature should not paralyze us with fear but rather motivate faithful service and stewardship.

Moreover, this parable reveals that our perception of God’s character significantly impacts our actions. The servant who viewed his master solely through the lens of αὐστηρός without balancing it with an understanding of his generosity and fairness became paralyzed by fear rather than empowered for service.

Personal Application

Understanding αὐστηρός challenges us to examine our own perception of God’s character. Do we, like the unfaithful servant, focus exclusively on God’s severity to the point that we become immobilized by fear? Or do we recognize that His high standards flow from His perfect character and the value He places on the gifts He entrusts to us?

When we encounter αὐστηρός in Scripture, it invites us to cultivate a healthy reverence for God that motivates faithful stewardship rather than fearful inaction. The unfaithful servant’s error wasn’t in recognizing his master’s austere character—it was in allowing that recognition to become an excuse for unfaithfulness rather than a motivation for diligence. In our own spiritual journey, we can learn to balance a healthy respect for God’s exacting standards with confident trust in His fairness and grace, allowing this balance to empower rather than paralyze our service to Him.

Related Words

• σκληρός (skleros, pronunciation: sklay-ROS) – hard, harsh, rough; denotes something that is unyielding or difficult, but emphasizes physical hardness more than αὐστηρός, which focuses on severity of character. See G4642
• ἀπότομος (apotomos, pronunciation: ap-OT-om-os) – severe, abrupt, sharp; describes something cut off abruptly or sharply, metaphorically indicating severity or decisive judgment without compromise. See G663
• ἀκριβής (akribēs, pronunciation: ak-ree-BACE) – exact, precise, accurate; shares with αὐστηρός a sense of exacting standards but focuses more on precision and thoroughness than severity. See G199
• δριμύς (drimys, pronunciation: dree-MOOS) – sharp, bitter, acrid; like αὐστηρός, originally described tastes but evolved to describe character, though emphasizing bitterness more than severity. See G1089
• βαρύς (barys, pronunciation: bar-OOS) – heavy, weighty, burdensome; while αὐστηρός focuses on severity of character, βαρύς emphasizes the oppressive weight or burden placed on others. See G926

Did you Know?

• In ancient wine-making, αὐστηρός wines were actually prized for certain purposes despite their astringent quality. The term described dry, tannic wines that would age well and were considered more sophisticated than sweet wines. This original sensory meaning helps us understand how something challenging or demanding (like an αὐστηρός master) could still be respected and valued in ancient culture.
• The English word “austere” derives directly from αὐστηρός through Latin, and has maintained remarkably similar connotations throughout its linguistic journey. In contemporary usage, we speak of “austere measures” during economic hardship, “austere architecture” that lacks ornamentation, and “austere personalities” that are strict and uncompromising—all echoing the biblical usage in Luke’s parable.
• During the early monastic movement in Christianity, being αὐστηρός became a positive spiritual virtue. Desert fathers and early monks embraced an austere lifestyle, believing that physical severity (in diet, possessions, and comfort) fostered spiritual discipline and closeness to God. This represents a fascinating evolution where what was presented as a potentially negative trait in Luke’s parable was transformed into an aspirational quality for spiritual formation.

Remember This

αὐστηρός reminds us that true reverence for God’s exacting standards should never paralyze us with fear but rather propel us toward faithful stewardship of all He has entrusted to us.